Abstract Mexico is the center of the largest riches and domestication of Agave species; 20 of these are used as a source for the production of fermented and distilled spirits, including Agave maximiliana Baker, which is harvested in the field just before its sexual reproductive stage (12 to 14 years) to make raicilla mescal, with the consequent constant overexplotation of its wild populations. The objective of this study was to develop a protocol for in vitro mass micropropagation of this species through auxiliary shoot proliferation. Axillary shoots were induced using a three-factor experimental design, consisting of the following factors: 1) auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) in four different doses: 0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mg L-1; 2) cytokinin, 6-benzyladenine (BA) in doses of 0, 4, 8, and 12 mg L-1, and 3) two G1 and G6 genotypes. The dose of 12 mg L-1 BA in combination with 0.02 mg L-1 2,4-D produced 26.93 new shoots (p = 0.000) with a high-quality typical morphology, an essential characteristic for their separation and subsequent ex vitro establishment. Likewise, in order to attain the best production of long, branched, nonephemeral roots from these shoots, three genotypes (G1, G3, and G6) and three rooting treatments (with different concentrations of sucrose, activated charcoal, and/or indole-3-butyric acid) were assessed in vitro. The analysis of the results shows a need to add 9% sucrose (p=0.000), i.e. 3% more than the usual amount. Furthermore, the best ex vitro adaptation was found to be related to the genotype of the original plant, and there were significant differences in the width (p=0.023) and length (p=0.009) of the leaves.

Resumen México es el centro de mayor riqueza y domesticación de especies de Agave, 20 de las cuales se usan como fuente para elaborar bebidas fermentadas y destiladas, entre ellas Agave maximiliana Baker, que se recolecta en el campo justo antes de su etapa de reproducción sexual (12-14 años) para elaborar el mezcal raicilla, la sobrexplotación ha originado la constante disminución de sus poblaciones silvestres. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un protocolo de micropropagación masiva in vitro de esta especie, mediante la proliferación de sus yemas axilares. Para la inducción de las yemas axilares se utilizó un diseño experimental de tres factores: 1) la auxina ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) en cuatro dosis: 0, 0.01, 0.02 y 0.03 mg L-1; 2) la citocinina 6-benciladenina (BA) en dosis de 0, 4, 8 y 12 mg L-1, y 3) dos genotipos G1 y G6. La dosis de 12 mg L-1 de BA en combinación con 0.02 mg L-1 de 2,4-D, produjo 26.93 nuevos brotes (p = 0.000) con calidad en su morfología típica, característica necesaria para su separación y posterior establecimiento ex vitro. Asimismo, para la mejor producción de raíces largas, ramificadas y no efímeras en dichos brotes, se evaluaron in vitro, bajo un arreglo bifactorial, tres genotipos (G1, G3 y G6) y cinco tratamientos de enraizamiento (diferentes concentraciones de sacarosa, carbón activado y/o ácido indol-3-butírico). El análisis de resultados muestra la necesidad de adicionar 9% de sacarosa (p = 0.000), cantidad mayor al 3 % utilizado comúnmente. Además, la mejor adaptación ex vitro está relacionada con el genotipo de la planta original y hubo diferencias significativas para el ancho (p = 0.023) y longitud de la hoja (p = 0.009).

Abstract: The current COVID-19 pandemic is producing an unprecedented impact in the different spheres of life, at the same time that it has highlighted the importance that the Bioethics discipline has in analyzing and deliberating of emerging ethical challenges, before making reasonable and prudent decisions. The management and communication of information on this crisis has not been properly addressed, where it is considered that its negative effects may lead not only to interfere with the communication channels with citizens but also affect the expected adherence of the population to the indications that they need to follow. This issue is especially complex when experiencing a period of information explosion, a phenomenon called ‘infodemic’ by the World Health Organization. This article, claiming the ethical and legal imperative to act responsibly in collecting, using, and disse minating the information that helps any authority that plays a social function, proposes a series of recommendations to achieve its effectiveness in practice.

Resumen: La actual pandemia por COVID-19 está generando un impacto sin precedentes en las distintas esferas de la vida, al mismo tiempo que ha puesto en valor la importancia que la disciplina Bioética tiene para el análisis y la deliberación de los desafíos éticos emergentes, previo a la adopción de decisiones razonables y prudentes. Un tema insuficientemente tratado en el curso de esta crisis, cuyos negativos efectos, se consideran, pueden llevar no sólo a interferir los canales de comunicación con la ciudada nía sino a afectar la adherencia esperada de la población a las indicaciones que se necesita que sigan, es la relativa al manejo y comunicación de la información. Asunto especialmente complejo cuando se vive un período de explosión informativa, caracterizada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como «infodemia». Este artículo, reivindicando el imperativo ético y jurídico de actuar responsable en la obtención, uso y difusión de la información que asiste a toda autoridad que desempeña una función social, propone una serie de recomendaciones para alcanzar su efectividad en la práctica.

SUMMARY: The management of postoperative pain in third molar surgery is fundamental. The use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered an excellent alternative for pain management, administered both, postoperative and preoperative. The purpose of this review is to establish the efficacy and safety of preemptive analgesia with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in surgical disinclusions of third molars, in which at least partial bone was removed. We conducted a search in databases like: PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library and Scielo; using the key words: Preemptive Analgesia, NSAID, Oral Surgery. Thirteen articles were selected, in total of 875 patients evaluated in the selected articles. Although several authors considered preemptive analgesia with NSAIDs as an effective method, more standardized studies are needed to demonstrate its effectiveness in oral surgery.

RESUMEN: El manejo del dolor postoperatorio en cirugía de desinclusión de terceros molares es fundamental. El uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINES), son considerados como una excelente alternativa para el manejo del dolor, siendo administrados tanto postoperatorios, como preoperatorios. El propósito de la presente revisión bibliográfica fue establecer la eficacia y seguridad de la analgesia preoperatoria con antiinflamatorios no esteroidales en desinclusiones quirúrgicas de terceros molares en las que hubiera remoción parcial o total de hueso. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos: PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library y Scielo; usando las palabras claves: Preemptive Analgesia, NSAID, Oral Surgery. Trece artículos fueron seleccionados, sumando un total de 875 pacientes evaluados. Si bien varios autores consideraron la analgesia preoperatoria con AINES, como un método eficaz, hacen falta más estudios que demuestren su eficacia en cirugía oral.

The application of combined chemical coagulation and electrochemical oxidation processes to treat a leachate from an intermunicipal sanitary landfill was evaluated. Chemical coagulation (CC) experiments were performed with lime (Ca(OH)2), and the influence of the lime concentration, stirring speed and assay duration were studied. In the electrochemical oxidation (EO) assays, a boron-doped diamond anode was used, and two applied current intensities were tested. It was also evaluated the influence of the lime concentration used in the CC pre-treatment on the EO performance. In the CC assays, the highest COD removals were obtained for lime concentrations of 20 and 25 g L-1, at 100 rpm stirring speed, during 2 h. In the CC+EO combined treatment the highest removals were obtained at the applied current intensity of 0.6 A, being the influence of the lime concentration used in the pre-treatment almost insignificant. The highest current efficiency was obtained for the combined treatment with EO assays performed at 0.4 A.

A paniculite pancreática é uma condição cutânea rara que ocorre em 2-3% das doenças pancreáticas, estando sobretudo associada às pancreatites aguda e crónica. A sua fisiopatologia ainda é incerta, mas a libertação de enzimas pancreáticas na circulação parece estar implicada. Os aspectos histológicos característicos consistem em necrose dos adipócitos com infiltrado neutrofílico e as típicas ‘‘ghost cells’’. O seu tratamento, evolução clínica e prognóstico estão habitualmente relacionados com a doença pancreática. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 39 anos com um quadro de febre, dor abdominal, náuseas e vómitos após uma ingestão copiosa de álcool. Foi diagnosticada uma pancreatite aguda alcoólica. 9 dias após a admissão, surgiram nódulos eritematosos subcutâneos dolorosos, cuja biópsia foi consistente com paniculite pancreática. Houve melhoria clinica e laboratorial com o tratamento de suporte, assim como regressão dos nódulos cutâneos. Embora a paniculite pancreática seja uma condição rara, os médicos devem tê-la presente para evitar o atraso no diagnóstico.

Pancreatic panniculitis is a rare skin disorder that occurs in 2-3% of pancreatic diseases, mostly associated with acute or chronic pancreatitis. Its pathophysiology is still unclear, but the release of pancreatic enzymes in circulation can be responsible for this disorder. The typical histological features are adipocyte necrosis with neutrophils infiltrate and typical ‘‘ghost cells’’. Its treatment, clinical course and prognosis are usually related with the pancreatic disease. We present a case of a 39-year-old man who presented with fever, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting after a copious alcohol ingestion. Acute alcohol-induced pancreatitis was diagnosed. 9 days after admission he developed tender erythematous subcutaneous nodules, whose biopsy was consistent with pancreatic panniculitis. There was clinical and laboratory improvement with supportive treatment as well as skin nodules regression. Although pancreatic panniculitis is a rare condition, physicians must be aware of it to avoid delay in the diagnosis.

The perovskite BaPb0.9Sb0.1O3 was prepared through the ceramic route and, after being chemical, structural and electrochemically characterized, it was used in the electrochemical oxidation of guaiacol, using Na2SO4 as electrolyte, at current densities of 5 and 10 mA cm-2 and initial guaiacol concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 . The guaiacol degradation was followed by UV-Visible absorbance measurements, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) tests and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) analysis. The combustion efficiency was also determined. Results have shown COD removals between 40 and 85 % and DOC removals from 34 to 66 % after 120 h assays. The absolute COD and DOC removals increase with guaiacol initial concentration and applied current density. The mineralization tendency, measured as the combustion efficiency, was maximum for the applied current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a guaiacol initial concentration of 200 mg L-1.

Objetivo. Estudiar el ciclo celular y realizar la descripción cromosómica de Espeletiopsis muiska, utilizando células meristemáticas de ápices radicales obtenidos a través de cultivo in vitro de embriones en medio MS suplementado con AIB. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ápices radicales a diferentes horas del día y se contaron en ellos las células presentes en cada fase mitótica, se determinó la duración del ciclo celular y la hora de mayor actividad mitótica. La descripción de los cromosomas y la elaboración del cariotipo de la especie, se realizó utilizando un protocolo que permitió la obtención de cromosomas metafásicos. Resultados. Respecto a la duración del ciclo celular, se encontró que la interfase comprende el 94.65% y la mitosis el 5.35% del total del ciclo celular. Entre las fases mitóticas la profase tiene mayor duración, 1.92%, mientras que la anafase es la más corta, 0.96%. En cuanto a la hora mitótica, las células meristemáticas de los ápices radicales presentaron mayor actividad entre las 10:30 y las 11:15. Con el estudio citogenético se encontraron 19 pares de cromosomas con longitudes e índices centroméricos similares y cariotipo asimétrico. Conclusiones. El estudio detallado de los cromosomas, permitió determinar un complemento cromosómico 2n=38+2B, dos cromosomas con microsatélites terminales y uno con constricción secundaria.

Objective. The cell cycle and chromosomic description of Espeletiopsis muiska was studied in meristematic cells of root tips obtained from in vitro culture of embryos on MS medium supplemented with IBA. Materials and methods. Root tips at different times of day were collected and the cells in each mitotic phase were counted. With this information, the cell cycle length and mitotic activity was determined at its peak hours. Description of chromosomes and elaboration of karyotype of the specie was done with a protocol that allows obtaining metaphase chromosomes. Results. Regarding the cell cycle length, we found that the interface includes the 94.65% and mitosis the 5.35% of total cell cycle. Regarding the mitotic phases, the prophase lasts longer, 1.92%, while the anaphase is the shortest, 0.96%. As to mitotic hour, meristematic cells of root tips showed an increased activity between 10:30 and 11:15. 19 pairs of chromosomes with similar lengths, similar centromeric indices and asymmetrical karyotype were found in this cytogenetic study. Conclusions. The detailed study of the chromosomes revealed a chromosome complement 2n=38+2B, two chromosomes with microsatellite terminals and one with a secondary constriction.

The aim of this study was to establish the seasonal variation of fungal propagules in homes of Mérida, Mexico, and to examine the relation between their concentrations in enclosed and open locations taking into account environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity and wind speed. Samples were taken inside and outside domestic environments during the most characteristic weather seasons in the region: dry season (sampled in May), rainy season (sampled in October), and cold fronts season (sampled in February). The geometric mean of the indoors and outdoors concentration of airborne fungal propagules was 1653 and 1432 CFU/m³ during the cold fronts period, 125 and 92 CFU/m³ during the dry period, and 1326 and 1145 CFU/m³ during the rainy period. The respirable fraction during the three periods sampled was always within a range of 50 to 100%. The composition of fungal genera exhibited a seasonal change, and 19 of these were identified. The main genera found during the three periods were Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Acremonium spp. The fungal aerosol concentrations and diversity found in Mérida, Mexico, were similar to those from other reports of cities with comparable tropical humid climate. This study concludes that the concentration of airborne fungal propagules and its respirable fraction can be related to several meteorological factors, mainly to relative humidity.

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la variación estacional de propágulos fúngicos en ambientes interiores y exteriores de casas habitación en Mérida, México. Asimismo, este estudio examina la relación entre el número de propágulos fúngicos en ambientes interiores y exteriores con parámetros ambientales como temperatura, humedad y velocidad del viento. El muestreo se realizó durante los periodos de secas (mayo), lluvias (octubre) y frentes fríos (febrero) en el interior y exterior de viviendas. Las medias geométricas de la concentración de propágulos fúngicos interiores y exteriores fueron de 1653 y 1432 UFC/m³ durante los frentes fríos, de 125 y 92 UFC/m³ durante el periodo de secas y de 1326 y 1145 UFC/m³ durante el periodo de lluvias, respectivamente. La fracción respirable se incrementó de 50 a 100%. La composición de géneros fúngicos exhibió una variación estacional: se identificaron 19 géneros durante los tres periodos, entre los que se encuentran principalmente Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. y Acremonium spp. La concentración de propágulos fúngicos y la heterogeneidad encontrada en Mérida fueron análogas a las detectadas en estudios similares en otras ciudades con clima tropical húmedo. Este estudio concluye que la concentración de propágulos fúngicos y su fracción respirable pueden vincularse con varios factores del medio ambiente, principalmente con la humedad relativa.

A composição de um concreto autoadensável (CAA) deve ser definida de forma a satisfazer um conjunto de requisitos, como a autocompactabilidade, resistência e durabilidade. O objetivo deste artigo é comparar três métodos de dosagem para CAA com materiais locais, a fim de determinar o mais econômico e racional, auxiliando a tomada de decisão por parte do executor e proporcionando a viabilidade econômica e técnica para aplicações. Os métodos utilizados no programa experimental foram: o de Nan Su et al., desenvolvido em 2001 [1], o de Repette-Melo, proposto em 2005 [2] e o de Tutikian & Dal Molin, elaborado no ano de 2007 [3]. A partir dos resultados obtidos no programa experimental, observou-se que o método que apresentou os menores custos e maiores resistências à compressão nas idades de 7, 28 e 91 dias foi o de Tutikian & Dal Molin e o que atingiu menor penetração de íons cloretos, melhor compacidade e maior módulo de elasticidade foi o de Repette-Melo. Nos ensaios realizados no estado fresco todos os métodos experimentados obtiveram misturas que se enquadraram na classe de autoadensabilidade requerida pela ABNT NBR 15823:2010 [4].

The composition of a self-compacting concrete (SCC) should be defined to fulfills a number of requirements, such as self-compactibility, strength and durability. This study aims to compare three methods of dosage for SCC with local materials, so as to determine which one is the most economical and rational, thus assisting the executor in making a decision and enabling economic and technical feasibility for its application. The methods used in the experimental program were: Nan Su et al., which was developed in 2001 [1]; Repette-Melo, which was proposed in 2005 [2]; and Tutikian & Dal Molin, which was developed in 2007 [3]. From the results obtained in the experimental program, it was observed that the method which presented the lowest cost and highest compressive strength at the ages of 7, 28 and 91 days was Tutikian & Dal Molin, while the one which reached the lowest chloride ion penetration, best compactness and highest elasticity modulus was Repette-Melo. In tests carried out in the fresh state, all tested methods yielded mixtures which comply with the self-compactibility levels required by ABNT NBR 15823:2010 [4].

Objetivo. Determinar la respuesta antioxidante [actividad de superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa (CAT)] así como la cuenta total de hemocitos (CTH) y el contenido de proteínas (CP) en camarones (Litopenaeus vannamei) expuestos a diferentes dosis y cepas de la levadura Debaryomyces hansenii (DH5, DH6, LL1), y un inmunoestimulante comercial (LAM). Materiales y métodos. Las levaduras fueron cultivadas y suministradas diariamente en concentraciones diferentes (104 - 106 UFC/mL) directamente a los tanques de cultivo de los camarones (8 ± 0.2 g) mientras que LAM fue aplicado una vez a la semana (0.5 mg/L). Los organismos fueron mantenidos bajo condiciones de laboratorio (28°C, 35%, 80% de recambio diario de agua, dieta comercial para camarón ad libitum). Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos por duplicado y los resultados evaluados a los 15 días con un análisis de varianza y una prueba de Tukey. Resultados. Se registró un CTH significativo (p<0.05) en los tratamientos con DH6 y LL1 (106 UFC/mL) comparada con el control, mientras que las cepas DH5 y DH6 revelaron un incremento significativo (p<0.05) de CP con la dosis de 104 UFC/mL. Los camarones tratados con LAM incrementaron significativamente (p<0.05) los valores de SOD y CAT. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que D. hansenii incrementa la respuesta antioxidante y CTH en camarones.

Objetive. To determine the antioxidant response [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity], as well as the total haemocyte count (CTH), and protein level (CP) in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to different doses and yeast strains of Debaryomyces hansenii (DH5, DH6, LL1), and a commercial immunostimulant (LAM). Materials and methods. The yeast strains were cultured and administered daily directly into the shrimp tanks (8 ± 0.2 g) in different concentrations (104 - 106 CFU/mL), while the LAM was administered weekly (0.5 mg/L). The organisms were kept under laboratory conditions (28°C, 35%, 80% daily water exchange, commercial diet for shrimp fed ad libitum). Each treatment was twice distributed and the results were evaluated through variance analysis and the Tukey method. Results. A significant THC (p<0.05) was detected for the treatments with DH6 and LL1 (106 CFU /mL) compared to the control group, whereas strains DH5 and DH6 presented a significant increase (p<0.05) in the value of CP for the 104 CFU/mL dose. SOD and CAT values increased significantly (p<0.05) for shrimp exposed to LAM. Conclusions. The results of this study illustrate that D. hansenii increased the antioxidant response, and CTH of shrimp.

The distinctive of non-thermal plasma (NTP) techniques is the efficient use of electrical energy through selective decomposition of the pollutant molecules. NTP processes can simultaneously treat several pollutants at atmospheric pressure with a quite good efficiency at relatively low energy consumption. In this work, NTP was used to remove nitric oxides from a mixture of air, water vapor and helium. Non thermal plasma was generated by dielectric barrier discharge at atmosphere pressure. In this work two different configurations were employed for the process: single dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and double dielectric barrier discharge (2DBD). The aim of this work is to determine which configuration is most suitable for NOx treatment. A chemical model was developed to observe the species behavior in the plasma and results of numerical simulation demonstrated a good agreement with experimental data of the removal process, achieving more than 96% of NOx removal efficiency. From an electrical diagnosis several experimental parameters such as power, frequency, initial concentration of NOx and specific input energy were tested. To determine the electronic temperature and electronic densities in the plasma, an optical emission spectroscopy study was accomplished.

Este estudio desarrolló un protocolo para micropropagación de Espeletiopsis muiska -especie de importancia ecológica, medicinal e industrial, actualmente en riesgo de extinción- en medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (1962). Se cultivaron embriones sexuales en medio completo y con la mitad de la concentración habitual de las macrosales; con y sin reguladores de crecimiento. Para proliferación de brotes se sembraron segmentos caulinares apicales en el medio de cultivo mencionado, con auxinas y citoquininas adicionadas individualmente o combinadas. Además se evalúo el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de caseína hidrolizada y sacarosa. Para enraizamiento se sembraron brotes en medio del cultivo con ácido 3-indol-butírico. La aclimatización de las plántulas -proceso que se inició en cuarto de incubación y finalizó en invernadero- se llevó a cabo en diferentes sustratos. El mayor porcentaje de embriones germinados (91%) se contabilizó en medio sin reguladores de crecimiento. En el medio de proliferación con ácido 3-indol-butírico 2,46 μM más 6-bencilaminopurina 0,044 μM se contabilizó la mayor cantidad de brotes de apariencia normal (5,96 brotes/explante). Durante la fase de enraizamiento el porcentaje de brotes enraizados en medio con ácido 3-indol-butírico 0,49 μM, fue del 54,1%. Después de 30 días de aclimatización, se constató la viabilidad del 60% de las plántulas transferidas a suelo de capote.

The study developed a protocol for the micropropagation of Espeletiopsis muiska, an endangered species of ecological, medicinal and industrial importance. Sexual embryos were cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (1962) complete and incomplete (reducing macrosalts by half) mediums, with and without growth regulators. Initial proliferation was carried out by culturing apical stem segments in medium with individual and combined addition of auxins and cytokinins; also evaluating the effect of different concentrations of hydrolyzed casein and sucrose. Rooting was promoted by growing the shoots in culture medium with 3-indole-butyric acid. Plantlet acclimatization, which started in incubation room and finished in greenhouse, made use of different substrates. The highest percentage of germinated embryos (91%) was obtained in growth regulator free medium. The largest number of normal appearance shoots per explant (5.96) was observed in proliferation medium containing 2.46 μM 3-indole-butyric acid plus 0.044 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. During the root taking phase, the medium containing 0.49 μM 3-indole-butyric acid promoted a rooting percentage of 54.1%. After 30 days of acclimatization, 60% of the plantlets transferred to soil enriched with organic matter resulted viable.

The main objective of this work is analyzing whether it is possible to develop an empirical correlation for in-line estimation of the sulfur and nitrogen contents of the middle distillates Hydrotreating (HDT) products for control purposes. Correlations are based only on readily available in-line information of specific gravity variation between feedstock and products, without considering any piece of information about the kinetic behavior of the catalyst. Experimental data were obtained in pilot plants under operating conditions that are representative of refinery operations. Results indicate that the removal of nitrogen and sulfur compounds during middle distillates HDT can be monitored in-line in real time, based on the available measurements of specific gravity. This allows for development and implementation of advanced in-line procedures for monitoring and control of the HDT process in real time.